Time Measure
Among the Hindus, 60 lunar years constitute one cycle which are,
01. Prabhava
02. Vibhava
03. Sukla
04. Pramoduta
05. Prajotpatti
06. Angirasa
07. Srimukha
08. Bhava
09. Yuva
10. Dhatu
11. Eswara
12. Bahudhanya
13. Pramadi
14. Vikrama
15. Vishu
16. Chitrabhanu
17. Swabhanu
18. Tarana
19. Parthiva
20. Vyaya
21. Sarwajitu
22. Sarwadhari
23. Virodhi
24. Vikriti
25. Khara
26. Nandana
27. Vijaya
28. Jaya
29. Manmatha
30. Durmukhi
31. Hevilambi
32. Vilambi
33. Vikari
34. Sarwari
35. Plava
36. Shubhakritu
37. Shobhakritu
38. Krodhi
39. Viswavasu
40. Parabhava
41. Plavanga
42. Kilaka
43. Soumya
44. Sadharana
45. Virodhikritu
46. Paridhavi
47. Pramadicha
48. Ananda
49. Rakshasa
5O. Nala
51. Pingala
52. Kalayukti
53. Siddharthi
54. Roudri
55. Durmathi
56. Dunhubhi
57. Rudhirodgari
58. Rakthakshi
59. Krodhana
60. Akshaya
The first year of the cycle denotes the evolution of a new creative force which apparently is supposed to end in the last or 60th year after getting fully matured, when the new year gives rise to a new force; In Vibhava this force is expanded; Shukla denotes its vitality; Pramoduta causes development ; Prajotpatti increases activities; Angirasa connotes the different forms tbe newly evolved force takes and similarly the names are given for all the 60 years indicative of the function that the force is supposed to do, till tbe year Akshaya or destruction sets in which means that tbe force generated in Prabhava has been destroyed.
Ayanas
There are two Ayanas-periods-in a year, the Uttarayana commencing from the winter solstice, when the Sun enters Capricorn or Makara and moves in a northerly di rection, and Dakshinayana beginning with the summer solstice or the ingress of the Sun into Cancer or Kataka (karkidaka) when the Sun takes a southerly course.
Rithus or Seasons
Tbe principal seasons among the Hindus are six, whereas the Europeans consider only four. viz., Autumn, Spring, Winter and the Summer.
The six seasons are :-
Vasantha Rithu: Chaitra and Vaisakha (Spring),
Greeshma Rithu : Jyesbta and Ashadha (Summer),
Varsha Rithu: Sravana and Bhadrapada (Rainy season),
Sarath Rithu: Aswija and Kartika (Autumn),
Hemantba Rithu: Margasirsha and Pushya (Winter),
Sishira Rithu: Magha and Phalguna (Winter).
The twelve lunar months are :-
Vasantha Rithu: Chaitra and Vaisakha (Spring),
Greeshma Rithu : Jyesbta and Ashadha (Summer),
Varsha Rithu: Sravana and Bhadrapada (Rainy season),
Sarath Rithu: Aswija and Kartika (Autumn),
Hemantba Rithu: Margasirsha and Pushya (Winter),
Sishira Rithu: Magha and Phalguna (Winter).
The twelve lunar months are :-
Chaitra - March-April
Vaisakha - April-May
Jyeshta - May-June
Ashada - June-July
Sravana - July-August
Bhadrapada - August-September
Aswija - September-October
Kartika - October-November
Margasira - November-December
Pushya - December-January
Magha - January-February
Phalguna - February-March
The name of each lunar month is given as a result of tbe
constellation falling on the Full Moon day of the particular
month.
Solar montns with their Tamil and English equivalents
Mesha-Chittirai - Aries
Vrishabha- Vaigasi - Taurus
Mithuna- Ani - Gemini
Kataka-Adi - Cancer
Simha-Avani - Leo
Kanya-Purattasi Virgo
Thula-Alpisi - Libra
Vrischika- Kartigai - Scorpio
Dhanus-Margali - Sagittarius
Makara-Thai - Capricorn
Kumbha-Masi - Aquarius
Meena - Panguni - Pisces
Months in Malayalam Era | In Malayalam | Gregorian Calendar | Tamil calendar | Saka era | Sign of Zodiac |
---|---|---|---|---|---|
Chingam | ചിങ്ങം | Aug–Sept | Aavani | Sravan–Bhadrapada | Leo |
Kanni | കന്നി | Sept–Oct | Purattasi | Bhadrapada–Asvina | Virgo |
Tulam | തുലാം | Oct–Nov | Aippasi | Asvina–Kartika | Libra |
Vrscikam | വൃശ്ചികം | Nov–Dec | Karthigai | Kartika–Agrahayana | Scorpio |
Dhanu | ധനു | Dec–Jan | Margazhi | Agrahayana–Pausa | Sagittarius |
Makaram | മകരം | Jan–Feb | Thai | Pausa–Magha | Capricon |
Kumbham | കുംഭം | Feb–Mar | Maasi | Magha–Phalguna | Aquarius |
Minam | മീനം | Mar–Apr | Panguni | Phalguna–Chaitra | Pisces |
Medam | മേടം | Apr–May | Chithirai | Chaitra– Vaisakha | Aries |
Edavam | ഇടവം | May–June | Vaikasi | Vaisakha–Jyaistha | Taurus |
Midhunam | മിഥുനം | June–July | Aani | Jyaistha–Asada | Gemini |
Karkadakam | കര്ക്കടകം | July–Aug | Aadi | Asada–Sravana | Cancer |
Shukla and Krishna Pakshas
Shukla Paksha consists of the bright half of the lunar month when the Moon waxes. The fifteen days from the next day of the New Moon to the Full Moon (including Full Moon) constitute tbe Shukla Paksha. The dark half of the lunar month or the other 15 days from the next day of the Full Moon to the New Moon day make up the Krishna Paksha.
Zodiacs
If the transits of the Sun through various constellations of the zodiac (Rashi) are used, then we get Solar months, which do not shift with reference to the Gregorian calendar. The Solar months along with the corresponding Hindu seasons and Gregorian months are:
# | Sanskrit, Hindi name |
Malayalam name മലയാളം |
Tamil name | Western star name | ||
---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
1 | Ashvinī |
Ashvati അശ്വതി |
Aswini |
β and γ Arietis | ||
2 | Bharanī |
Bharaṇi ഭരണി |
Baraṇi |
35, 39, and 41 Arietis | ||
3 | Krittikā |
Kārttika കാർത്തിക |
Kārthikai |
Pleiades | ||
4 | Rohini |
Rōhiṇi രോഹിണി |
Rōhiṇi |
Aldebaran | ||
5 | Mrigashīrsha |
Makayiram മകയിരം |
Mirugasīridam |
λ, φ Orionis | ||
6 | Ārdrā |
Tiruvātira തിരുവാതിര |
Thiruvādhirai |
Betelgeuse | ||
7 | Punarvasu |
Puṇartam പുണർതം |
Punarpoosam |
Castor and Pollux | ||
8 | Pushya |
Pūyam പൂയം |
Poosam |
γ, δ and θ Cancri | ||
9 | Āshleshā |
Āyilyam ആയില്യം |
Ayilyam |
δ, ε, η, ρ, and σ Hydrae | ||
10 | Maghā |
Makam മകം |
Magam |
Regulus | ||
11 | Pūrva Phalgunī |
Pūram പൂരം |
Pooram |
δ and θ Leonis | ||
12 | Uttara Phalgunī |
Utram ഉത്രം |
Uthiram |
Denebola | ||
13 | Hasta |
Attam അത്തം |
Astham |
α, β, γ, δ and ε Corvi | ||
14 | Chitrā |
Chittira ചിത്തിര |
Chithirai |
Spica | ||
15 | Svātī |
Chōti ചോതി |
Swathi |
Arcturus | ||
16 | Vishākhā |
Vishākham വിശാഖം |
Visakam |
α, β, γ and ι Librae | ||
17 | Anurādhā |
Anizham അനിഴം |
Anusham |
β, δ and π Scorpionis | ||
18 | Jyeshtha |
Trikkēṭṭa തൃക്കേട്ട |
Kettai |
α, σ, and τ Scorpionis | ||
19 | Mūla |
Mūlam മൂലം |
Mūlam |
ε, ζ, η, θ, ι, κ, λ, μ and ν Scorpionis | ||
20 | Pūrva Ashādhā |
Pūrāṭam പൂരാടം |
Pūradam |
δ and ε Sagittarii | ||
21 | Uttara Ashādhā |
Utrāṭam ഉത്രാടം |
Uthirādam | ζ and σ Sagittarii | ||
22 | Shravana |
Tiruvōnam തിരുവോണം |
Tiruvōnam |
α, β and γ Aquilae | ||
23 | Shravishthā or Dhanishta |
Aviṭṭam അവിട്ടം |
Aviṭṭam |
α to δ Delphinus | ||
24 | Shatabhishā or Shatataraka |
Chatayam ചതയം |
Sadayam |
γ Aquarii | ||
25 | Pūrva Bhādrapadā |
Pūruruṭṭāti പൂരുരുട്ടാതി |
Pūraṭṭādhi |
α and β Pegasi | ||
26 | Uttara Bhādrapadā |
Uttṛṭṭāti ഉത്രട്ടാതി |
Uttṛṭṭādhi |
γ Pegasi and α Andromedae | ||
27 | Revati |
Rēvati രേവതി |
Rēvathi |
ζ Piscium |
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